“Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy: Finest techniques of Educational Learning”
Lorin Anderson a former student of Bloom's, led a new assembly in the
1990's, with or the purpose of upgrading the taxonomy, to add relevance for 21 century
students and teachers. This newer taxonomy was proposed by Krathwhol and
Anderson [Anderson, L W, & Krathwohl D R (Eds.)] in 2001 where the
evaluation phase moves down a level and the uppermost element becomes
“creating.”
Instead of listing knowledge as an element of the taxonomy, diverse
types of knowledge like factual, conceptual, procedural and meta-cognitive
categories were divided [Overbaugh, R. & Schultz, L]. Variations in terminology among the two versions are possibly the
most understandable differences, which are as under Bloom [ B. S., Hastings, J.
T., & Madaus, B. B. (1971)]:
- Noun to Verb: Taxonomy reflects diverse
forms of thinking (active process is thinking) nouns do not describe
actions, verbs do.
- Reorganized Categories: These are:
- Knowledge is outcome of thinking (category inappropriate to describe thinking) now remembering.
- Comprehension now understanding.
- Synthesis is now creating to better mirror the nature of thinking described by each category.
Here Knowledge is the basis of cognitive processes. For example,
following the revised taxonomy for the educational objectives, students remember
and understand the concept of theory.
Applying these concepts in practical and analysing and evaluating their effects, they can do new inventions with reference to their knowledge. These stages are shown in Fig. 2 and discussed as follows [Charlaine Reyes] [Anderson, L W, & Krathwohl D R (Eds.) (2001)]
- Remembering: The cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered by recalling relevant knowledge, retrieving, recognizing from long-term memory.
- Understanding: The cognitive condition of someone who understands from oral, comparison, written, inferring, summarizing, graphic messages through interpreting, classifying, exemplifying and explaining.
- Applying: It refers to pertinent, relevant or applicable by using a procedure through implementing.
- Analysing: It refers to breaking material into basic parts, formatting how the elements transmit to one another for a purpose through differentiate, attribute and organize.
- Evaluating: It refers to estimating or determining the value, nature, ability, quality, extent, or significance, which makes judgments based on standards through checking.
- Creating: It refers to bring into existence by putting elements mutually form functional whole and reorganizing elements into a recent pattern or structure through producing, generating and planning.